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In western Christian theology, atonement describes how human beings can be reconciled to God.〔atonement. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/atonement (accessed: January 15, 2011): '2. (''sometimes initial capital letter'') ''Theology''. the doctrine concerning the reconciliation of God and humankind ...'〕 Atonement refers to the forgiving or pardoning of sin in general and original sin in particular through the death and resurrection of Jesus,〔 enabling the reconciliation between God and his creation. Within Christianity there are, historically, three〔Christus Victor: An Historical Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of Atonement, Gustaf Aulen, 1931〕 or four〔Vincent Taylor, ''The Cross of Christ'' (London: Macmillan & Co, 1956), p. 71-2〕 main theories for how such atonement might work: * Ransom theory/Christus Victor (which are different, but generally considered together as Patristic or "classical", to use Gustaf Aulen's nomenclature, theories, it being argued that these were the traditional understandings of the early Church Fathers); * Moral influence theory, which Aulen considered to be developed by Peter Abelard (called by him the "idealistic" view); * Satisfaction theory developed by Anselm of Canterbury (called by Aulen the "scholastic" view); * * The penal substitution theory (which is a refinement of the Anselmian satisfaction theory developed by the Protestant Reformers, especially John Calvin, and is often treated together with the satisfaction view, giving rise to the "three main types" of atonement theories - classical or patristic, scholastic, and idealistic - spoken of by Aulen).〔 Other theories include recapitulation theory, the "shared atonement" theory〔In which the atonement is spoken of as shared by all. To wit, God sustains the Universe. Therefore if Jesus was God in human form, when he died, we all died with him, and when he rose from the dead, we all rose with him. See Jeremiah, David. 2009. ''Living With Confidence in a Chaotic World,'' pp. 96 & 124. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc.; Massengale, Jamey. 2013.''Renegade Gospel, The Jesus Manifold''. Amazon, Kindle.〕 and scapegoat theory. The English word 'atonement' originally meant "at-one-ment", i.e. being "at one", in harmony, with someone.〔Niels-erik A. Andreasen, 'Atonement/Expiation in the Old Testament' in W. E. Mills (ed.), ''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' (Mercer University Press, 1990)〕 It is used to describe the saving work that God did through Christ to reconcile the world to himself, and also of the state of a person having been reconciled to God.〔(atonement ). CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved October 03, 2012: '2. (often capital) ''Christian theol'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Atonement in Christianity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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